working SPD
SPD stands for Surge Protective Device. It is an electrical device designed to protect electrical systems and equipment from transient overvoltages (commonly known as surges), which can be caused by lightning strikes, power line disturbances, or switching operations.
How SPD Works:
1. Normal Operation:
Under normal voltage conditions, the SPD remains passive and does not interfere with the electrical circuit.
2. During a Surge:
When a voltage spike (surge) occurs, the SPD quickly becomes conductive and diverts the excess voltage to the ground.
This protects the connected equipment by limiting the voltage that reaches them to a safe level.
3. After the Surge:
Once the surge is over, the SPD returns to its non-conductive state and normal operation resumes.
Types of SPDs:
Type 1: Installed at the origin (main distribution board), protects against direct lightning strikes.
Type 2: Installed at sub-distribution boards, protects against residual lightning energy and switching surges.
Type 3: Installed close to sensitive equipment, provides fine protection in combination with Type 2.
Common Components:
Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs): Most common; absorb and dissipate the surge.
Gas Discharge Tubes (GDTs): Handle high energy, slower response.
TVS Diodes (Transient Voltage Suppression Diodes):Very fast response, used for sensitive electronics.
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